As in postmodernism, all ideas are new, so sometimes it becomes difficult and confusing to properly understand these terms. Irony, playfulness, black humor:. Postmodern authors were certainly not the first to use irony and humor in their writing, but for many postmodern authors, these became the hallmarks of their style.
They try to amalgate it from indirect way so, irony, playfulness, black humor comes. In fact, several novelists later to be labeled postmodern were first collectively labeled black humorists. It's common for postmodernists to treat serious subjects in a playful and humorous way.
The central concept of Joseph Heller's Catch is the irony of the now-idiomatic "catch", and the narrative is structured around a long series of similar ironies. Thomas Pynchon in particular provides prime examples of playfulness, often including silly wordplay, within a serious context. The Crying of Lot 49, for example, contains characters named Mike Fallopian and Stanley Koteks and a radio station called KCUF, while the novel as a whole has a serious subject and a complex structure.
Related to postmodern intertextuality, pastiche means to combine, or "paste" together, multiple elements. For example, William S. Burroughs uses science fiction, detective fiction, westerns; Margaret Atwood uses science fiction and fairy tales; Thomas Pynchon, uses elements from detective fiction, science fiction, and war fiction.
Pastiche can also refer to compositional technique, for example the cut-up technique employed by Burroughs. Another example is B. Johnson's novel The Unfortunates; it was released in a box with no binding so that readers could assemble it however they chose. Intertextuality is the shaping of texts' meanings by other texts. The intertextuality of certain works of postmodern fiction means the relationship between one text a novel for example and another or one text within the interwoven fabric of literary history.
Intertextuality in postmodern literature can be a reference or parallel to another literary work, an extended discussion of a work, or the adoption of a style. As the philospher Richard Tarnas states, postmodernism "cannot on its own principles ultimately justify itself any more than can the various metaphysical overviews against which the postmodern mind has defined itself. To return to the previous topic, click on your browser's 'Back' button, or select from the topics list. The French philosopher Baudrillard has conceptualized the Postmodern surface culture as a simulacrum.
A simulacrum is a virtual or fake reality simulated or induced by the media or other ideological apparatuses. A simulacrum is not merely an imitation or duplication—it is the substitution of the original by a simulated, fake image. Contemporary world is a simulacrum, where reality has been thus replaced by false images. The simulated image of Gulf war has become so much more popular and real than the real war, that Baudrillard argues that the Gulf War did not take place.
In other words, in the Postmodern world, there are no originals, only copies; no territories, only maps; no reality, only simulations. Here Baudrillard is not merely suggesting that the postmodern world is artificial; he is also implying that we have lost the capacity to discriminate between the real and the artificial.
Just as we have lost touch with the reality of our life, we have also moved away from the reality of the goods we consume. If the media form one driving force of the Postmodern condition, multinational capitalism and globalization is another. Fredric Jameson has related Modernism and Postmodernism to the second and third phases of capitalism.
The first phase of capitalism of the 18th th centuries, called Market Capitalism, witnessed the early technological development such as that of the steam-driven motor, and corresponded to the Realist phase.
The early 20th century, with the development of electrical and internal combustion motors, witnessed the onset of Monopoly Capitalism and Modernism. The Postmodern era corresponds to the age of nuclear and electronic technologies and Consumer Capitalism, where the emphasis is on marketing, selling and consumption rather than production.
The dehumanized, globalized world, wipes out individual and national identities, in favour of multinational marketing. It is thus clear from this exposition that there are at least three different directions taken by Postmodernim, relating to the theories of Lyotard, Baudrillard and Jameson. Postmodernism also has its roots in the theories Habermas and Foucault. Furthermore, Postmodernism can be examined from Feminist and Post-colonial angles.
Therefore, one cannot pinpoint the principles of Postmodernism with finality, because there is a plurality in the very constitution of this theory. Postmodernism, in its denial of an objective truth or reality, forcefully advocates the theory of constructivism—the anti-essentialist argument that everything is ideologically constructed. Indeed, Postmodernism developed as a response to the contemporary boom in electronics and communications technologies and its revolutionizing of our old world order.
Constructivism invariably leads to relativism. Our identities are constructed and transformed every moment in relation to our social environment. Therefore there is scope for multiple and diverse identities, multiple truths, moral codes and views of reality. The understanding that an objective truth does not exist has invariably led the accent of Postmodernism to fall on subjectivity.
Subjectivity itself is of course plural and provisional. A stress on subjectivity will naturally lead to a renewed interest in the local and specific experiences, rather than the and universal and abstract; that is on mini-narratives rather than grand narratives.
Create a free Team What is Teams? Learn more. What does postmodernism mean in terms of literature? Ask Question. Asked 4 years, 3 months ago.
Active 8 months ago. Viewed times. Improve this question. If mathematics is subject to such issues, the case against objective truth, certainly confirmable objective truth, is greatly strengthened. The influence of post-modernism is extremely wide, appearing in television, comic books, and really, any narrative medium, including advertising. The academic definition of post-modern is much narrower than the common conception of the term, so meaning may vary, depending on context; — DukeZhou.
Could you give me some links so that I can research the academic definition? That might be interesting. Here is a comprehensive article on postmodernism the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy , which includes a robust bibliography. I don't understand why this question gets downvoted! This is a good, useful, and legitimate question that yielded a very solid answer. Add a comment. Active Oldest Votes.
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