Decimal latitude and longitude with the datum used are preferrable. Origin of material the collection locality for a specimen is always the place where it is growing when your collected it. If you collect material cultivated in a greenhouse or botanical garden, the original source collection data for the material is quite useful and should be included, but clearly distinguished as the origin information.
Flowering dates and growth conditions vary considerably when plants are taken into cultivation, especially into a greenhouse. Habitat the type of plant community where the plant is growing and, if known, a list of associated species. Frequency is the plant rare, occasional, frequent or common? Plant description describe characteristics of the plant which are not evident or may be lost upon drying.
Collector name it is recommended that the collector be consistent and use their full first name, middle initial or full name and full last name. Complicated schemes cause sorting and searching difficulties in databases.
Date of collection a format with the month spelled out or abbreviated and 4 digit year will prevent confusion. Project information the title of the project is important to cross-reference specimens with a project researcher names, dates and bibliographic data may also be included. Permit information should be included on the label so there is no doubt the specimen was legally obtained. Occurrence notes include any information that may be useful to future researchers.
We currently recommend that determiner be paired with the identification. There are two standards to denoted multiple collectors and a collection number. Hall and may be cited as David W. Hall but is sometimes also cited as: David W. Hall, Chuck Nance and Allen Ake David W. Hall, Chuck Nance and Allen Ake - where the collection number is theoretically that of the first collector but the number could also be a team number. This should always be cited as: David W.
Vatke det. Cylindrical shrub, ca. Fruit bright red. Kent D. Regalado, Malaysia. Tambunan District: Crocker Range, Km Montane dipterocarp forest. Crocker Formation. Woody climber on roadbank. John H. Beaman 9 October With: Reed S. Beaman and Teofile E. Huber Mun. Campina aberta, solo areno pedregoso.
Arbusto de 4 m de altura. Fruitos imaturos verdes. Ferreira, C. Martinelli, E. Soares, C. Mota de E. Links to More Label Examples Stephanotis floribunda: cult. Celosia argentea, cult. These re-identifications are recorded on annotation slips. This provides physical support that allows the specimen to be handled and stored with a minimum of damage. Mounting methods and materials vary widely among herbaria. Most herbaria prefer to have their trained staff prepare specimens with their carefully selected archival materials.
Do not mount your specimens before consultation with the depository herbarium. Because herbarium specimens are intended for long-term study and storage, it is critical that that all supplies used for mounting be both durable and archival.
Archival denotes materials that are free of acids and other compounds that may cause them or the specimen to degrade or discolor over time. Consequently, the mounting paper, label paper, packet paper, ink, glue, mounting strips, and storage folders should all be acid free and designed for long-term stability. Prior to attachment, the specimen and its label are laid out on the paper to allow maximum observation of diagnostic usually reproductive features as well as the range of variation in vegetative structures, including both sides of the leaves.
Plants are generally positioned in a life-like arrangement that is, with roots or lower stem toward the bottom of the sheet and flowers toward the top. When laying out the plant, be sure to leave space on the sheet for the specimen label , annotation labels , and institutional accession seal. A paper envelope or packet should also be attached to the sheet to contain any fragments of the specimen that break off over time. Once the optimum arrangement of the specimen has been determined, it is attached to the sheet using a combination of glue and strips of gummed linen cloth tape.
Glue is used sparingly to attach the larger portions of the plant, such as stems, large leaves, and fruits. Gummed linen mounting strips are then applied to reinforce portions of the plant that might be torn loose as the specimen is used. Large or bulky items may need to be sewn onto the sheet with a sturdy linen thread. Change the font size to 4 a "4" must be typed into the font size box.
Zoom in until the label can be read. Altering Page Margins will keep labels from being broken across columns. Different page margins are needed for labels with different numbers of lines. Thus, assuming all labels have the same number of lines 4 or 5 , choose one of the following: 5 A. Label with 5 lines: change the top margin to 0. Label with 4 lines: Change the bottom margin to 0. In Number of Columns type "10". Hit OK. Make sure Equal Column Width is checked.
This reduces the line spacing so the lines are close to one another which reduces the wasted space on the label. Copy and paste the label as many times as needed. To speed this up paste 10 labels singly, then copy all ten and paste that multiple times. When using one label as a template for a label with different information, be sure to change ALL the appropriate information! The protocol above will produce four-line labels or five-line labels on a single sheet of label paper. DO NOT put spaces between the labels.
This only wastes paper and increases the amount of time it takes to cut out the labels. Download a Label Template file here Microsoft Word,. Label Positions: Generally a pinned specimen will get three or four labels.
Labels should be positioned as follows: Top. Determination labels: Identification labels and Type labels. Generally these are not removed as new or more accurate identifications are made, but can be turned upside down to indicate they are no longer valid. Generally the bottom most label is the more recent determination.
Determination labels should include the name and year the identification was made e. Diabrotica virgifera LeConte, Det. Smith When positioning labels, make sure the top label is far enough from the specimen to be readable and is not close enough to the specimen to cause breakage. Labels should not be so close to one another that they cannot be read. A pinning block see Pinning Equipment, 2 , right is an important tool in standardizing label height.
See Pointed and Labeled Specimens right for an example of specimen standardization and label placement. Note the standardized specimen position on the point, point height on the pin, label height on the pin, pin placement through the label, and distance between Locality label and Database label right insert.
Additionally note that the label takes up much more space than the actual specimen. In an extreme example, approximately specimens can be stored in one drawer middle insert. If properly labeled and curated, many specimens need not take up much drawer space, the 16 drawers pictured in the background hold about specimens.
Generally labels for fluid preserved specimens see Fluid Labels , right must contain all of the important qualities outlined above, except that the labels can be made much larger, generally font size 6. Instead labels should be long enough to wrap around the inside of the vial. The identification labels should be separate from the locality label in case the identification is incorrect or incomplete and should be wrapped behind the locality label facing in. The identification label is read by looking through the vial.
Curation of a collection is an enormous responsibility. As has been mentioned several times, preserved insect and arthropod specimens can last for hundreds of years. The oldest known insect collection is that of English botanist Leonard Plukenet — [3] who pressed his insects between the pages of a book like botanical specimens.
Curating an insect collection is a long term endeavor, to put it mildly. Collection, preparation, and identification of specimens can be very costly in time and supplies. Housing a collection requires cabinets, drawers, etc.
These observations are not made to discourage the collection or preservation of specimens, nor are they meant to discourage the keeping of a collection. They are meant to emphasize the responsibility that falls on the shoulders of the curator.
Even a small collection of a few thousand specimens may represent tens of thousands of dollars spent on travel, labor, equipment, and cabinets and thousands of man hours spent collecting, preparing, and identifying specimens. All the specimens, their value, and their potential can be lost in a few years of neglect. Indeed, there are horror stories of large, important private collections that were destroyed by ignorant family members after the collector's death "We dumped all the bugs out because we wanted to save the bottles.
Short Term: Specimens in drawers must always be kept in a low humidity environment and must be checked at least every 3 months for pest infestations.
Fluid levels of fluid preserved specimens must be checked every 12 months. Detailed information about general and specific types of preservation and curation can be found within the publications recommended on the Collecting Insects page of this wiki. Generally the only way to assure that specimens are properly preserved is to hire a part time or full time curator. Assignment Introduction II.
Learning Objectives III. Supplies IV. Specimen Field Notebook V. Identifying Specimens VI. Collecting Specimens VII. Making Observations on iNaturalist IX. Commenting on iNaturalist X. Generating Specimen Labels XI. Supplementary Materials Course Documents I. Supplementary Materials Instructor Login. Home VII. Pressing Specimens.
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